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Whiplash – Rest or Treatment?

11 Dec

Whiplash, or WAD (whiplash associated disorders) results from the rapid movement of the neck and head resulting in injury. This is the net result of the “classic” motor vehicle collision, though other injury models (like slips and falls) can result in similar injuries. Last month, we listed basic facts, of which one was better results (less long-term pain and disability) occurred from initial active treatment of the neck with mobilization/manipulation, exercise, and encouraging movement vs. placing a collar on the patient and “resting” the injured neck. Though there are a few studies that suggest there is no difference in results, the majority state that it is BEST to actively treat the patient and encourage movement (of course, assuming no unstable fractures have occurred) rather than to place the patient into a collar and limit activities. The first question that we’ll address this month is, why is this important?

The simple answer is that you, as an advocate for an injured friend, family member or as a patient yourself, may NOT be offered “the best” treatment approach by the ER or primary care physician. In fact, one study cited a survey regarding the management of whiplash injuries in an ER and reported that between 23-47% of physicians prescribed a soft cervical collar for acute whiplash rather than promoting immediate active treatment. By knowing this information, the knowledgeable patient can refuse the collar method of care and seek care that emphasizes the use of early mobilization and manipulation, like chiropractic! Though referrals to chiropractors are increasing as more research becomes available, chiropractic care is still significantly ignored or not considered by many practicing ER and primary care physicians. As always, you need to be your own “best advocate,” and the only way to do that is to be informed, hence the intention of this Health Update! Some studies even report that the use of a collar may have deleterious or “bad” side effects and can actually make you WORSE (this was reported by the Quebec Task Force)! The majority of studies on the subject of whiplash report that encouraging “normal activity,” as opposed to immobilization, IS the best approach. We will certainly help steer you in the right direction! 

Next, let’s talk about WHY does this method works better? The research supports that soft tissues injuries heal better and with less scar tissue formation when patients receive active treatment/early activity types of care (like manipulation / chiropractic). In general, any treatment approach that reduces patient suffering sooner, encourages one to return to “normal activities” faster, and promotes independence and self-care methods earlier is the best approach!

 

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CTS “Facts.”

11 Dec

WHAT is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)? CTS occurs when pressure is applied to the median nerve which travels from the neck, through the shoulder, upper arm, elbow, forearm, and through the carpal tunnel where the “pinch” is located. The median nerve innervates most of the palm of the hand, the thumb, the index finger, middle finger, and the thumb side of the ring finger. The carpal tunnel is made up of eight little bones in the wrist that form the arch and a ligament that forms the floor. There are nine muscle tendons, the median nerve, as well as blood vessels that travel through the tunnel.

WHAT are the symptoms of CTS? The “classic” symptoms include burning, itching, tingling, and/or numbness of the second to fourth fingers with the need to shake or “flick” the fingers to “wake up the hand.” When present long enough, or when the pressure is hard enough on the nerve, weakness in the grip occurs and accidental dropping of tools, coffee cups, and so on can occur. Pressure on the nerve increases when the wrist is bent backwards or forwards, especially for long time frames and/or when the wrist is moving in a fast, repetitive manner with jobs like carpentry using vibrating tools, a screw driver, hand drill, a hammer, line production work, waitressing, and so on. Often, symptoms are first noticed at night, as we tend to sleep with our wrists bent and tucked under our chin or neck. Symptoms can also occur during the day, especially when driving or when performing repetitive work. Difficulties buttoning a shirt, making a fist, grasping small objects and/or performing manual tasks are common complaints of CTS.

WHAT are some causes of CTS? CTS is most commonly caused by a combination of factors that result in swelling of the tendons that travel through the carpal tunnel. This includes over working the arm and hand in any of the jobs described above, but it is more likely to happen when conditions that create generalized swelling occur. Some of these conditions include trauma (like a sprained wrist), hypothyroidism, an over-active pituitary gland, during menstruation or pregnancy, menopause, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, mechanical wrist problems, repetitious work (work stress), or the repeated use of vibratory hand tools. It is also possible to develop a cyst (like a ganglion) or a fatty tumor within the tunnel. CTS is also more common with obesity, but sometimes, no logical cause can be identified!

WHO is at risk of developing CTS? Women are three to four times more likely to develop CTS. This may be because of the hormonal aspects described above and/or the relative smaller wrist, which results in a smaller carpal tunnel. There’s also an increased risk of CTS in people over the age of 50. Other at risk individuals include diabetics, people with hormonal imbalances (taking birth control pills, pregnancy, hypothyroid, etc.), and people who work on assembly lines.

How is CTS diagnosed? EARLY diagnosis and treatment is KEY to a successful outcome! The physical exam includes assessing the structures of the neck and entire upper extremity, as the pinch is often in more than one place. A blood test for thyroid disease, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis is also practical. Other tests that may help us diagnose CTS can include and EMG (nerve test) and/or x-ray/MRI. Next month, we’ll discuss treatment and prevention!

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Low Back Pain – Is it on the Rise?

11 Dec

As stated in previous articles, the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) is REALLY high! In fact, it’s the second most common cause of disability among adults in the United States (US) and a very common reason for lost days at work. The total cost of back pain in the US, including treatment and lost productivity, ranges between $100 billion to $200 billion a year! Is low back pain on the rise, staying the same, or lessening? Let’s take a look!

In the past two decades, the use of health care services for chronic LBP (that means LBP > 3 months) has substantially increased. When reviewing studies reporting insurance claims information, researchers note a significant increase in the use of spinal injections, surgery, and narcotic prescriptions. There has been an increase in the use of spinal manipulation by chiropractors as well, along with increased physical therapy services and primary care physician driven non-narcotic prescriptions. In general, LBP sufferers who are chronic (vs. acute) are the group using most of these services and incurring the majority of costs. The reported utilization of the above mentioned services was only 3.9% in 1992 compared to 10.2% in 2006, just 11 years later. The question now becomes, why is this? Possible reasons for this increase health care use in chronic LBP sufferers may be: 1) There are simply more people suffering from chronic LBP; 2) More chronic LBP patients are deciding to seek care or treatment where previously they “just accepted and lived with it” and didn’t pursue treatment; or, 3) A combination of these factors. Regardless of which of the above three is most accurate, the most important issue is, what can we do to help chronic back pain sufferers?

As we’ve discussed in the past, an anti-inflammatory diet, exercise within YOUR personal tolerance level, not smoking, getting enough sleep, and obtaining chiropractic adjustments every two weeks are well documented methods of “controlling” chronic LBP (as there really ISN’T a “cure” in many cases). You may be surprised to hear that maintenance care has good literature support for controlling chronic LBP. In the 8/15/11 issue of SPINE (Vol. 36, No. 18, pp1427-1437), two Medical Doctors (MDs) penned the article, “Does Maintained Spinal Manipulation Therapy for Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain Result in Better Long-Term Outcomes?” Here, they took 60 patients with chronic LBP (cLBP) and randomly assigned them into one of three groups: 1) 12 treatments of sham (fake) SMT (spinal manipulation) have over a one month period; 2) 12 treatments, over a one month period but no treatment for the following nine months; or 3) 12 treatments for one month AND then SMT every two weeks for the following nine months. To measure the differences between the three groups, they measured pain, disability, generic health status, and back-specific patient satisfaction at baseline, 1-, 4-, 7-, and 10-month time intervals. They found only the patients in the second and third groups experienced significantly lower pain and disability scores vs. the first group after the first month of treatments (at three times a week). BUT, only the third group showed more improvement at the 10-month evaluation. Also, by the tenth month, the pain and disability scores returned back to nearly the initial baseline/initial level in group two. The authors concluded that, “To obtain long-term benefit, this study suggests maintenance SM after the initial intensive manipulative therapy.” Other studies have reported fewer medical tests, lower costs, fewer doctor visits, less work absenteeism, and a higher quality of life when maintenance chiropractic visits are utilized. The question is, WHEN will insurance companies and general practitioners start RECOMMENDING chiropractic maintenance care for chronic LBP patients?

 

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Low Back Pain and Obesity.

10 Dec

Low back pain (LBP) is a VERY COMMON PROBLEM! Here are some facts about LBP: 1) At ANY given time, 31 million Americans experience LBP; 2) LBP is the single leading cause of disability worldwide; 3) 50% of ALL working Americans admit to having LBP symptoms each year; 4) LBP is the #1 reason for missed work and, the 2nd most common reason for doctor office visits (outnumbered ONLY by upper respiratory infections); 5) Most cases of LBP are “mechanical” and NOT caused by serious conditions like inflammatory arthritis (like rheumatoid), infection, cancer, or fracture; 6) At least $50 BILLION is spent annually by Americans on back pain (and that’s JUST the more easily identifiable costs); 7) At some point in life, experts estimate 80% of the population will experience LBP.

In prior Health Updates, we’ve discussed ways to prevent LBP like exercise, eating right, staying active (avoid prolonged inactivity or bed rest), not smoking, maintaining proper posture, wearing low heeled comfortable shoes (and possibly foot orthotics and/or heel lifts), sleeping on a medium-firm mattress, using proper bending and lifting methods, fixing work station problems (computer key board and monitor placement is important!), and more.

This month’s topic concerns obesity and LBP. How are these related, and does it really matter? Let’s look at some adult obesity facts: 1) Obesity is common, serious, and costly: 35.6% of US adults are obese; 2) Obesity related conditions include: heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancer, and is the LEADING CAUSE of preventable death! 3) An estimated $147 BILLION was spent on obesity related medical costs and the average medical cost for an obese person was $1429 higher than for those of normal weight (Body Mass Index or BMI of 18.5-24.9). 4) Ethnic variations: Non-Hispanic blacks have the highest obesity rate at 49.5% vs. Mexican Americans (40.4%), all Hispanics (39.1%) and non-Hispanic whites (34.3%) [ref. JAMA, 2012; 307(5):491-97]. 5) There was a dramatic increase in obesity in the US from 1990 through 2010. No state in the U.S. met the nation’s “Healthy People 2010” goal to lower obesity prevalence to 15%. Instead, in 2010, there were 12 states with obesity prevalence >30% vs. in 2000, NO state had an obesity prevalence >30%! 6) More than 2 in 3 adults are overweight (BMI 25-29.9) and, 1 in 3 adults are obese (BMI >30). 7) In children 6-19 years old, about 33% are overweight or obese and 17% are obese.

Intuitively, common sense tells us that if we are overweight, it has to affect our low back in a negative way. Well, you are right! In the 1/15/13 journal Spine, an 11 year study from Norway, gathered data between 1995-1997 and again in 2006-2008 of an entire county in Norway which included 8733 men and 10,149 women, aged between 30-69 years old who DID NOT have chronic LBP (>3mo. within the past year) vs. 2669 men and 3899 women who DID have LBP. After 11 years, a significant increase in risk was reported between those with a BMI >30 (obese) vs. those <25 (BMI 18.5-24.9 = normal). They also found that the recurrence rate of LBP was also higher in those who were obese.

Weight management is a goal of LBP care, and we have many strategies that can help you fight this problem.

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CTS Self-Diagnosis – Is That Possible?

10 Dec

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is technically a “pinched nerve” in the wrist (carpal tunnel) that results in numbness, tingling and later, weakness in the distribution of the median nerve (thumb, index, 3rd, and half of the 4th finger). There is a limited amount of space within the carpal tunnel. In addition to the median nerve, there are 9 tendons and their sheaths, a network of blood vessels, the joint capsules, the bony “roof” and ligamentous “floor.” Any condition that distorts the shape of the tunnel  (inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, ganglion cysts, bony spurs, or conditions that result in swelling like overuse, pregnancy, taking birth control pills, hypothyroid, obesity, and/or conditions that create neuropathy like a pinched nerve in the neck, shoulder or elbow, diabetes and post-chemotherapy) can result in median nerve irritation. The carpal tunnel naturally changes its shape when we flex and extend the wrist, so occupations that require wrist bending (especially if it’s prolonged and a fast pace is required) such as carpentry (especially the use of vibrating tools), waitressing, assembly line work, typists, and even sleeping at night with the wrist bent can result in CTS.

 

The diagnosis can be tricky because of all the possible causes (of which, some are described above) and to make matters even more challenging, there can be two, three, or more of the causes all contributing to the problem at the same time! In the clinic, there are certain positions to test how long (in seconds) it takes for the numbness, tingling and/or pain to occur when we place the wrist in extreme flexion or extension. We’ll compress the carpal tunnel (and nerve pathways at the elbow, shoulder, and neck), as well as tap over the carpal tunnel with a reflex hammer creating a “funny bone” sensation usually into the 2nd or 3rd finger. Blood tests for rheumatoid (and other inflammatory) arthritis, diabetes and thyroid dysfunction are very helpful when trying to differentiate between several possible causes. An electrical conduction test called electromyogram (EMG) and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) can also be very helpful in determining the severity of CTS.

 

So the question is, can you “self-diagnose” CTS? The answer is: sometimes. However, with that said, if the symptoms are “classic” (numbness/tingling in the thumb, fingers 2-4, which shaking and flicking your fingers relieves at least partially; it’s waking you up at night especially, if a night splint helps reduce the frequency of waking and intensity of numbness), then you “probably” have CTS. Here are some common questions included in a CTS questionnaire that we often use in the clinic to assist with the diagnosis: SYMPTOM SEVERITY (score each on a 0-4 scale): 1) Pain severity at night? 2) Nighttime frequency of waking with pain? 3) Amount of daytime hand/wrist pain? 4) Frequency of daytime hand/wrist pain? 5) Duration (in minutes) of daytime pain/numbness? 6) Severity of numbness? 7) Severity of weakness? 8) Tingling intensity? 9) Nighttime severity of numbness or tingling? 10) Nighttime frequency of numbness or tingling? 11) Difficulty grasping / using small objects like keys or pens? FUNCTION SEVERITY (0-4 scale): 1) Writing. 2) Buttoning clothes. 3) Holding a book while reading. 4. Gripping of a telephone handle. 5) Opening jars. 6. Household chores. 7. Carrying grocery bags. 8. Bathing and dressing. The maximum score for SYMPTOM SEVERITY is 11×4 = 44 and for FUNCTION 8×4 = 32. To determine the percentage, divide your score by 76 (the maximum possible) and multiply it by 100. In general, scores >50% may be indicative of CTS. However, as previously stated, a definitive diagnosis must include a detailed history, examination, sometimes special tests. Therefore, it is important to see us! If you have CTS, we will outline the type and length of care with you and MOST IMPORTANT, we can usually manage CTS without the need for surgery!

 

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Fibromyalgia and Sleep Interference.

10 Dec

Fibromyalgia (FM) affects the entire body, which makes the diagnosis challenging! A VERY common issue with patients struggling with FM includes problems related to sleep. This goes beyond the number of hours one “tries to sleep” but rather the quality of sleep and feeling “restored” in the morning. That is, quality is more important than quantity! Let’s look further.

1. Common sleep problems: Insomnia, or difficulty falling asleep as well as frequent awakenings to the point of recalling being awake during the night is common with FM. Even more common are instances of waking up during the night but being unable to remember it in the morning. This interrupts “deep sleep” and poses an even more important issue. Common sleep disorders associated with FM include restless leg syndrome and sleep apnea. The goal of sleep is to feel restored when waking in the morning. Sleep deprivation can also be caused by pain, depression, and anxiety, all of which are associated with FM.

2. Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): RLS is considered a neurologic disorder that usually occurs at night and at times during the day when the body is inactive. It is characterized by an overwhelming urge to move the legs when they are at rest.

3. Sleep Strategies: Developing better sleep “hygiene” is important in the management of FM. This can reduce pain, fatigue, the “fibro fog” and in turn, reduce anxiety and depression. Here are some effective ways to accomplish a better sleep pattern:

Though this sounds counterintuitive, sleep ONLY as much as needed to feel refreshed. Excessively long periods of time in bed relates to fragmented and shallow sleep.

Keep a diary to log how much you sleep each night, when you went to bed and woke up in the morning, when and what you last ate/drank prior to bedtime and any other “triggers” you can think of that may have interrupted your sleep. Follow the “best” pattern!

Try to go to bed at night and wake up in the morning at consistent times, once you determine the “best” pattern. This will strengthen your circadian rhythms and facilitate sleep quality.

Practice relaxation techniques such as gentle massage, deep breathing, and relaxation recordings to enhance restorative sleep. Soak in a hot bath or shower prior to going to bed.

Exercise regularly to enhance sleep quality.

Sound machines can help those accustomed to noise, as loud noises can disturb sleep, even if it’s not remembered in the mornings. Keep the room dark and/or use a sleep mask.

Avoid long daytime naps, as they can interfere with nighttime sleep.

Keep the bedroom temperature cool, as too much heat is sleep disturbing.

If you are hungry at night, a light carbohydrate rich snack may help you sleep.

Avoid nicotine, alcohol, or caffeine in the evenings as they interfere with sleep.

4. Medication and nutritional aids: First, try herbs like valerian root, hops, ginger, turmeric, boswellia, amino acids like melatonin, 5-HTP, tryptophan, magnesium, and/or Kava as NONE of these are habit forming. We can help you with this decision! If the herbal/nutritional approaches are not satisfying, we can refer you for a medical consult for prescription options.

 

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