Tag Archives: whiplash

Trigger Points May Contribute to Chronic Whiplash Pain

27 Oct

Whiplash-associated disorders refer to a collection of symptoms—commonly neck pain,
stiffness, headaches, dizziness, and reduced range of motion—that can develop after the neck is
suddenly forced backward and forward, such as during a rear-end vehicle collision. It’s estimated
that up to 50% of whiplash patients may continue to experience symptoms that last for months or
even years. This longer-lasting condition is known as chronic whiplash-associated disorder. New
research suggests that small, sensitive areas within muscles may be one factor associated with
persistent symptoms in people with chronic whiplash.
Trigger points are tight, sensitive spots within a muscle that can be painful when pressed and
may also cause pain to spread into nearby areas. In the study, researchers compared 32 adults with
chronic whiplash-associated disorder with 32 healthy adults to better understand the role of trigger
points in ongoing pain. The study found that participants with chronic whiplash had significantly
more active trigger points in several neck muscles than those without a history of whiplash. These
active trigger points were commonly found in muscles involved in supporting the head and
controlling neck movement, suggesting they may play a role in persistent symptoms.
The researchers also discovered that participants with a greater number of active trigger
points tended to report higher pain intensity, more symptoms associated with nerve-related pain, and
greater disability in daily life. This does not necessarily mean that trigger points cause chronic
whiplash pain, but the findings suggest they may be an important part of the overall problem.
Researchers have proposed that persistent pain and muscle sensitivity may interact with changes in
how the nervous system processes pain, potentially contributing to symptoms that become more
intense or widespread over time. Additional studies are needed to better understand these
relationships and determine how they may influence treatment.
Although not everyone who experiences whiplash develops chronic symptoms, persistent
neck pain following a whiplash injury can involve muscles, joints, ligaments, nerves, and other
tissues. This makes a thorough evaluation important for identifying potential factors contributing to
each person’s symptoms and determining an appropriate course of care. When symptoms persist or
interfere with sleep, work, or daily activities, addressing these contributing factors may help improve
movement, function, and quality of life.
Chiropractors are trained to evaluate musculoskeletal conditions, including injuries related to
whiplash, and provide conservative care that may include manual therapy, soft tissue techniques,
therapeutic exercises, and education to improve movement and function while addressing
contributing factors such as muscle tension and joint stiffness, depending on the patient’s unique
circumstances and specific needs.

Brent Binder, D.C.

4909 Louise Dr. Suite 102

Mechanicsburg, PA 17055

Subfailure of the Facet Joints During Whiplash Injury

22 Sep

The neck contains many structures that work together to support the head and allow
smooth movement, including muscles, ligaments, disks, nerves, and facet joints. During a
whiplash injury, the neck can experience rapid forces that stretch these tissues, contributing to
the myriad symptoms collectively known as whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). According to
a recent systematic review, injuries to the cervical facet joints—small joints located at the back
of the spine that guide movement between the vertebrae—are a common source of pain
following whiplash, even if routine imaging tests do not reveal obvious structural damage.
The review, which examined 49 studies, found that the joint capsule surrounding the
cervical facet joints can sustain what researchers call a subfailure injury. In simple terms, this
means the tissue is stretched enough to develop microscopic strains without tearing or causing
obvious structural damage. Even though these tiny injuries may not appear on imaging tests, they
can still stimulate pain-sensitive tissues, causing pain that is often aggravated by certain neck
movements or positions.
Of note, the authors also found that these small injuries may increase the sensitivity of the
nervous system, allowing pain signals to continue long after the initial injury. This could help
explain why nearly half of patients with WAD continue to experience symptoms a year after
their injury, even though the injured tissues would generally be expected to have undergone
substantial healing.
These findings highlight the importance of the physical examination when assessing a
patient after a motor vehicle collision, sports injury, head trauma, or slip-and-fall accident. By
evaluating how the neck responds to palpation, assessing range of motion, and observing which
movements reproduce the patient’s symptoms, a doctor of chiropractic can identify patterns that
may suggest involvement of one or more cervical facet joints. While no single examination
finding can definitively diagnose a facet joint injury, the physical examination helps determine
the most likely source of pain and guides appropriate treatment.
If one or more facet joints are suspected to have been injured, chiropractic care often
includes a combination of gentle spinal manipulation or mobilization, soft tissue therapy,
therapeutic exercises, and postural recommendations designed to reduce pain, restore normal
joint motion, and improve the strength and coordination of the muscles that support the neck.
Patients are generally encouraged to remain as active as their symptoms allow rather than
immobilizing the neck with a cervical collar, as prolonged use can lead to muscle
deconditioning, joint stiffness, and an increased risk of persistent symptoms.

Brent Binder, D.C.

4909 Louise Dr. Suite 102

Mechanicsburg, PA 17055

Whiplash and Occipital Neuralgia

27 Aug

Occipital neuralgia is a condition involving irritation of the occipital nerves and is often
characterized by sharp, shooting, burning, or electric-like pain that starts near the base of the skull
and radiates upward. A 2025 study of 212 patients with occipital neuralgia found that 117 reported a
prior head or neck injury, with whiplash identified as the most common cause. Let’s look at how a
history of whiplash may influence the risk of occipital neuralgia.
The greater occipital nerve originates from the second cervical spinal nerve and passes
through several layers of muscle and connective tissue before reaching the scalp. During a whiplash
injury, the rapid back-and-forth motion of the head and neck may stretch or compress the nerve,
cause microscopic injury, or trigger abnormal nerve signaling. In some individuals, these changes
may contribute to the shooting, burning, or electric-like sensations.
Whiplash commonly causes tightness in the small muscles at the base of the skull as well as
tension throughout the neck and shoulders. When these muscles remain chronically tight, they may
place pressure on nearby occipital nerves and contribute to symptoms. Trauma can also affect the
joints between the skull and first cervical vertebra as well as those between the first and second
cervical vertebrae. These structures are closely related to the nerve roots that eventually form the
occipital nerves. Joint irritation may increase local inflammation, alter nerve mechanics, and produce
pain patterns that resemble occipital neuralgia.
The healing process itself may also play a role. As injured tissues repair, scar tissue and
thickened connective tissue can develop. Because the occipital nerves pass through multiple
muscular and fascial layers, these changes may reduce the available space around the nerves and
contribute to ongoing irritation or entrapment. In some individuals, the nervous system becomes
more sensitive following injury. This process can cause normally harmless sensations to become
painful and may contribute to scalp tenderness, increased nerve sensitivity, or symptoms that persist
long after the initial injury has healed.
Occipital neuralgia is sometimes mistaken for migraines, tension headaches, or headaches
that originate from the neck. Clues that suggest occipital neuralgia include pain that begins near the
base of the skull, tenderness over the occipital nerves, scalp sensitivity, and sharp pain that radiates
toward the top of the head. Because several conditions can produce similar symptoms, a thorough
examination is important. If the examination suggests occipital neuralgia is present and the patient is
a candidate for chiropractic care, treatment may include a multimodal approach using manual
therapies, specific exercises, physiotherapy modalities, and patient education to help reduce
mechanical stress on the occipital nerves. Chiropractors are also trained to recognize when comanagement or referral to another healthcare provider may be appropriate.

Brent Binder, D.C.

4909 Louise Dr. Suite 102

Mechanicsburg, PA 17055

Whiplash Symptoms May Take Days to Develop

28 Jul

Whiplash is a common neck injury that typically occurs when the head is suddenly forced
backward and forward, often during a motor vehicle collision, sports injury, or fall. This rapid
motion can place excessive stress on the muscles, joints, ligaments, discs, and nerves of the
cervical spine. Many people walk away from a collision feeling relatively normal only to
develop neck pain, stiffness, headaches, dizziness, or shoulder pain hours or even days later. This
delayed onset can cause some individuals to underestimate the severity of the injury or delay
seeking evaluation.
Whiplash injuries are commonly classified using the Quebec Task Force grading system,
which ranges from Grade I to Grade IV. Grade IV whiplash injuries are the most severe and
involve fractures or dislocations of the cervical spine. These injuries usually produce immediate
and obvious symptoms and require urgent medical evaluation. Grade III injuries involve
neurologic findings such as numbness, weakness, altered reflexes, or radiating arm pain.
Symptoms in these cases also tend to appear relatively quickly, often within hours of the trauma.
The majority of whiplash cases fall into the Grade I and Grade II categories. Grade I
whiplash typically involves neck pain, stiffness, or tenderness without significant objective
physical findings. Grade II injuries may include reduced range of motion, muscle spasm, or
musculoskeletal tenderness. In many Grade I and II cases, symptoms such as neck pain and
stiffness, headaches, upper back or shoulder pain, dizziness, reduced neck mobility, fatigue, and
difficulty concentrating may gradually worsen over the first 24 to 72 hours after the injury.
Researchers have noted several factors that may contribute to this delay, including
inflammation, muscle guarding, soft tissue irritation, and nervous system sensitization that
develops over time following the initial trauma. Adrenaline released during an accident may also
temporarily mask pain immediately afterward.
Because symptoms can evolve gradually, early evaluation is important even if discomfort
initially seems minor. Chiropractic evaluation after a whiplash injury can help identify areas of
restricted movement, muscular dysfunction, joint irritation, postural changes, and neurologic
findings. Early conservative care may help improve mobility, reduce pain, restore function, and
guide patients through a safe return to normal activity. While not every collision results in
serious injury, patients should remember that whiplash symptoms are not always immediate. In
many cases, the body’s response to injury continues to evolve during the first days after trauma.

Brent Binder, D.C.

4909 Louise Dr.

Suite 102 Mechanicsburg, PA 17055

Neuroinflammation and Chronic Whiplash Symptoms

25 Jun

It’s estimated that up to 50% of patients with whiplash-associated disorders
(WAD) continue to experience symptoms one year after their injury. Common chronic
WAD symptoms include persistent neck pain and stiffness, headaches, shoulder and
upper back pain, arm pain or numbness and tingling, dizziness or balance issues, fatigue
and sleep disturbance, cognitive difficulties, and increased pain sensitivity.
Because of the significant toll chronic WAD can have on individuals, families, and
society as a whole, there has been substantial research aimed at better understanding
these injuries in hopes of preventing long-term pain and disability. In particular, the view
is beginning to shift from WAD being the result of simple soft tissue injury to a more
complex condition involving the nervous system, where ongoing inflammation in and
around neural tissues may continue to drive pain long after the initial injury.
The sudden acceleration and deceleration of the head and neck that characterizes
whiplash can place rapid strain on cervical tissues, including the joints, muscles,
ligaments, and tendons. In response, the body initiates an inflammatory process, releasing
chemical messengers that help coordinate healing. These inflammatory signals can also
affect nearby nerves, increasing their sensitivity and altering how they transmit signals.
In the short term, this response is normal and part of recovery. However, if the
condition is not effectively managed, this heightened state can persist. Ongoing irritation
of the nervous system may amplify pain signaling and contribute to increased sensitivity
over time, a process known as central sensitization. As a result, stimuli that would not
normally be painful may begin to produce pain, and symptoms can persist even after the
original injury has largely healed.
Patients with signs of sensitization often require a more comprehensive treatment
approach—one that addresses both the physical tissues and the nervous system. Care may
include manual therapies and therapeutic modalities, targeted exercises and a gradual
return to normal activity, and patient education to support positive recovery expectations.
In some cases, additional strategies aimed at reducing inflammation, such as dietary
considerations, may also be included as part of a broader, individualized plan.

Brent Binder, D.C.

4909 Louise Dr. Suite 102

Mechanicsburg, PA 17055 (717) 697-1888

Whiplash Avoidance Strategies

25 May

During a whiplash event, such as a rear-end collision, the head and neck accelerate and decelerate
more rapidly than the nervous system can coordinate a protective muscular response. This can result in
sprains, strains, and microtrauma to the soft tissues of the head, neck, and upper torso, which may
manifest as neck pain, stiffness, headache, brain fog, or dizziness—collectively referred to as whiplashassociated disorders (WAD). Because many patients experience symptoms that persist for months or even
years following injury, WAD can place a significant burden on individuals, families, and society as a
whole—highlighting the importance of strategies and technologies aimed at reducing whiplash risk.
Three key technologies designed to reduce collisions are blind spot monitoring, lane departure
warning, and forward collision warning with automatic emergency braking. Blind spot monitoring
systems detect vehicles alongside the car that may not be visible to the driver and provide visual or
auditory alerts. Lane departure warning systems use cameras to identify lane markings and notify the
driver if the vehicle begins to drift out of its lane; activation of the turn signal typically overrides these
alerts. Forward collision warning systems use cameras and sensors to detect when a vehicle is
approaching another object too quickly and alert the driver. More advanced systems incorporate
automatic emergency braking, which can slow or stop the vehicle to avoid a collision or reduce its
severity.
Proper adjustment of the seat and head restraint is also important in reducing whiplash risk.
Ideally, the head should remain close to the head restraint during a collision to limit excessive backward
motion. Research suggests that a seatback angle of approximately 20–30 degrees, combined with
positioning the head within about 2 inches (5 cm) of the head restraint and ensuring the restraint is aligned
with the top of the head (not below it), may help reduce injury risk. Despite this, observational studies
have shown that a large proportion of drivers do not properly adjust their head restraints. In response,
vehicle manufacturers have introduced seat and head restraint technologies designed to reduce the relative
motion between the head and torso during rear-end impacts.
Perhaps the most important factor in reducing whiplash risk is driver attention. Distracted drivers
are less likely to recognize hazards such as rapidly approaching vehicles, unsafe lane changes by others,
or road conditions that require sudden braking. In situations where a collision appears unavoidable, some
evidence suggests that pre-contraction of the neck muscles may reduce injury severity by limiting head–
neck motion and reducing strain on cervical structures.
If a collision does occur, early management focused on maintaining activity within pain tolerance
and restoring normal movement patterns may help reduce the likelihood of persistent symptoms.
Conservative approaches, including chiropractic care, are commonly used to support recovery in patients
with whiplash-associated disorders.

Brent Binder, D.C.

4909 Louise Dr. Suite 102

Mechanicsburg, PA 17055 (717) 697-1888